European Integratıon

Yanıt Açıklaması: Intergovernmentalism reached its prime in the ‘doldrum years’ of the European Integration during the 1970s, when the failure to get any further with political integration seemed to confirm most of its premises.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to the well established case law of the CJEU, where there is a conflict between directly applicable or directly effective provisions of EU law and national law, it is the EU rule which should prevail. So, (I) is incorrect.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The European Council

Yanıt Açıklaması: Autarky is a closed economy condition. An economy that is closed and self-sufficient is at the autarky condition.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Preferential trade agreement, Free trade area, Customs union, Common market and EMU are the stages/types of economic integration.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The third stage/type of economic integration is customs union. Member countries of a customs union abolish all the trade restrictions among themselves and implement a common external trade policy in the third countries. Moreover, the customs union member countries act together as a single entity at the negotiation and conclude the trade agreements with the other countries (third countries). The implementation of the common external tariff avoids the possibility of trade deflection or transshipment. Certainly, it is one step further through a deeper integration. Member countries leave their independence in deciding and implementing their own tariff rates.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The classic functionalist approach to world order is based on the assumption that states can create a peaceful world society through gradualist and pragmatic cooperation with one another in technical and economic sectors of activity.

Yanıt Açıklaması: "Comparative advantage" term depends on the law of comparative advantage that is presented by David Ricardo in his famous book, titled Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, published in 1817. According to the law of comparative advantage, the country has to be specialized in the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Institutional balance in the EU

Yanıt Açıklaması: Moravcsik (1993) has developed the intergovermentalist approach but agreed with many of the key principles, such as the assumption that nations could be seen as rational and departing from realists approach to the state. He also derived insights from classic intergovernmentalism which sees national interests arising in the context of the state’s perception of its relative position in the state system. At the highest level of abstraction, liberal intergovernmentalism is a variant of rationalist approach in international relations theory specifically tailored to explain European integration. On the other hand, liberal intergovermentalism is more rigorous than its antecedents (Hoffman’s intergovermentalism), incorporating within both realist and neo-liberal elements, and dealing explicitly with the interface between domestic and international politics. In other words, liberal intergovernmentalism is a synthetic approach that derives from both realist/liberal elements and domestic/international politics.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Single European Act was the first significant amendment of the Treaty of Rome. It was signed in February 1986 and entered into force in July 1987. Its main aim was to set a deadline for the establishment of European Single Market by 1992. It also paved the way for deeper integration by making it easier to decide on EU legislation, strengthening the EU Parliament and laying down the foundations of the EU foreign policy.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Under the principle of conferral the EU has 5 different categories of powers which are regulated between articles 2-6 of the TFEU. Such categories are as follows: Exclusive Power Areas for the EU Shared Power Areas between the EU and the Member State Coordination of Economic and Employment Policies of the Member States EU’s Powers in the Area of CFSP Supporting, Coordinating and Supplementing Competence Areas for the EU

Yanıt Açıklaması: In that context, the Treaty Article gives certain examples of the shared powers of the EU and the Member States and those areas are as follows: • internal market; • social policy, for the aspects defined in this Treaty; • economic, social and territorial cohesion; • agriculture and fisheries, excluding the conservation of marine biological resources; • environment; • consumer protection; • transport; • trans-European networks; • energy; • area of freedom, security and justice; • common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this Treaty.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Founding states were Belgium, The Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Austria joined on 1 Jan 1995.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Italian politician Altiero Spinelli was one of the fathers of the European Union. He was the leading figure behind the European Parliament’s proposal for a Treaty on a federal European Union - the so-called ‘Spinelli Plan’. This was adopted in 1984 by an overwhelming majority in the Parliament and provided an important inspiration for the strengthening of the EU Treaties in the 1980s and ‘90s.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The Governing Council of the ECB comprises the members of the Executive Board of the ECB and the Governors of the national central banks of the Member States whose currency is the euro. The Executive Board comprises the President, the Vice-President and four other members

Yanıt Açıklaması: The European Parliament is the representative of “European Peoples” and their interests and political affiliations. The European Parliament has a legitimising and supervisory function as well since it is the only directly elected EU institution by the people. Accordingly, it provides democratic legitimacy and control to the whole of the European integration process. It exercises legislative and budgetary functions together with the Council and has some consultative functions too. Moreover, it exercises the functions of political/democratic control over the other EU institutions.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Common Market of the EU as lately referred to EU Internal Market was established in 1993. It had been a major aim of the EU since the signing of the Treaty of Rome. It is well known that, establishment of a common market within the EU was the main aim of the Treaty of Rome.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Dynamic Effects of Customs Union: Dynamic effects are long run effects of customs union. They arise due to increased competition within the customs union, higher level of technology, economies of scale, induce to foreign direct investments and better allocation of economic resources.

Yanıt Açıklaması: From the perspective of functionalism and the new intergovernmentalism, the EU can be identified with a particular form of Union, namely, the EU as a regulatory state.