Regıonal Organızatıons

Yanıt Açıklaması: International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States. The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization. These include the basic aims, purposes, goals and principles of the organization, the membership criteria, the main bodies/organs and their powers, as well as the decision-making and voting procedures. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All the provisions in the answer choices are among  the provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the international organizations accommodated by the constituting documents, which are usually called statutes.

Yanıt Açıklaması: All independent Arab States have the right to be a member of the League of Arab States which makes the organization an ethno-regional one.

Yanıt Açıklaması: All of them are among the main features of international organizations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Liberals (idealists, rationalists) think differently. They suggest that States are not (potential) enemies but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens. It then means that cooperation especially in between economically coherent States is vital.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Organizations, on the other hand, are also open to observer members which are sometimes called “contact States”, “dialog partners” etc..

Yanıt Açıklaması: Peacekeeping operations involving military troops were started by the UN’s General Assembly in 1956.

Yanıt Açıklaması: All of them are among the actions developing countries take in order to accelerate their development.

Yanıt Açıklaması: New regional organizations were established in order to cope with the political, economic and security challenges of the post-war era. NATO, Warsaw Pact and the European Coal and Steel Community can be considered as examples of these organizations.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The European experience was based on avoiding another inter-state war and economic integration while other regions concentrated on preserving their independence and gaining respect and post- independence legitimacy in the international system. Comparatively, European regionalism has ‘aimed at taming nationalism (and sovereignty in the case of the EEC) by protecting and promoting human rights, democracy and the rule of law as key prerequisites for peace and prosperity’ (Acharya, 2016: 112). In contrast, non-Western regionalism is characterised by anti- colonialism, national liberation from colonial rule, the preservation of sovereignty and the avoidance of a great power rivalry in the Third World.

Yanıt Açıklaması: BRICS is a good example in this regard. Although a number of them are neighbours, five States (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) from different continents with different economic characteristics are now championing free global trade and even arguably aiming in the long run to replace global trade institutions such as the IMF and World Bank.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Integration might involve two characteristics: pooling and delegation. The concept of pooling is related to the decision-making mechanism within the organization. In the case of pooling, member states decide by qualified majority voting. In the case of delegation, the decision making authority is transferred to regional organization. The correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: As Kahler (2017: 98) has argued, ‘Regional organizations possess additional advantages that are related to their specialized roles. They can mobilize local knowledge more effectively than their global peers, whether in development lending or peacekeeping. In part because of local knowledge and in part because of a policy mix closer to member preferences, regional organizations may benefit from greater legitimacy as well’.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Secretary-General, normally elected by the plenary assemble of the member States, represents the organization externally at the international level.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Regional organizations are not classified based on their military powers. The correct choice is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In the late 1990s, the economic and monetary union (EMU) was established in fullfilment of an ambitious goal identified in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, and the first Euro notes and coins were introduced in 2002.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Article 52, which is the true legal basis of regional security organizations, allows States to establish “regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with” regional and international peace and security, provided that they are “consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Tere are two decision-making models in organizations: Consensus and voting.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Joseph Nye views a region as ‘a limited number of states linked together by a geographical relationship and by a degree of mutual interdependence.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Even if a certain organization were founded as anArticle51self-defence organization,it is accepted that they may implement the Security Council’s decisions adopted according to the of Chapter VIII. For this, one of its main tasks stipulated in its founding treaty must be keeping peace and security in its region, but this goal does not have to be its essential task.

Yanıt Açıklaması: International organizations’ personality, especially compared to States which are sovereign actors and subjects, is a limited one. They can only act and function within the framework of their statutes. They cannot use powers exceeding the limits drawn therein. The exact scope of this functional and limited personality, however, is interpreted differently in the literature. Some argue that organizations can only use powers explicitly given to them in their statutes, which in fact means that the discretion of any organization is limited and it is the member States that still counts. Others, therefore, argue that organizations should be allowed to use implied powers that are, or might be, necessary to accomplish the goals set forth in the statutes. Finally, some go further and suggest that any power not forbidden in the statute might naturally be used especially by global organizations such as the UN. As none of these views respectively championing explicit, implied or natural powers secured a widespread support, it might be concluded that organizations have functional and limited personalities and they can act only within the limits drawn in their statutes. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is B. “Organizations should be allowed to use implied powers that are, or might be, necessary to accomplish the goals set forth in the statutes.” and “Any power not forbidden in the statute might naturally be used especially by global organizations such as the UN.” might be regarded as contradictory with international organizations’ limited personality.