Theorıes Of Internatıonal Relatıons I

Yanıt Açıklaması: Neoclassical realists agree with neorealist assumption that the primary factor that shapes foreign policy choices of states is their relative power at international level.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Rationalism is represented by certain philosophers belonging to Cartesian School such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza. It should be noted that Grotius and Kant also contributed significantly to this philosophical approach as well as they did in the field of IR. However, traditional pragmatism particularly depends on the views of American philosophers such as William James (1842-1910), Charles Peirce (1839-1914) and John Dewey (1859-1952). The correct option is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: exploitation

Yanıt Açıklaması: Unlike Hegel’s dialectic, which operates essentially on ideas, Marx’s dialectic is actually materialist. In other words, while Hegel examines ideas apart from the people who have them, Marx’s materialism puts ideas back into the heads of living people, focusing on human activities, especially on production.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The shift from integration to interdependence was also because of the acceleration in globalization. The reluctance of states to transfer their sovereignty to regional organizations was due to complex interdepence.Keohane and Nye formulated “complex interdependence” as a structure of multiple channels connecting states and making them sensitive to “what goes on” in each other reciprocally. Correct answer is B.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Global governance does not mean a world government in Kantian terms, it involves global institutions to guide and restrain collective activities of agents. Since there is need for consensus and collective decision making mechanisms, it is not easy to realize global governance and it is in the interests of the actors to follow this path or not. As regards global governance, from a normative point of view, what is needed is a “new globalizm” based on principle of equality of peoples and civilizations. With the increase in complex interdependence, neoliberal institutionalists have invented a concept known as “global governance” in order to define these networks of interdependence wherein state boundaries still matter. What these scholars expect is increasing institutionalization in different issueareas like trade, finance, environment, security and health under effects of globalization

Yanıt Açıklaması: Realists accept states as rational actors; that behave in accordance with certain rules and national interests to realize their objectives and to sustain themselves through national capacity (Viotti and Kauppi, 1993: 35; Grieco, 1995: 153; Buzan, 1996: 54; Senarclens, 1991: 11-12). According to all realists, basic agenda of IR are security issues, thus political and military issues are primary topics and top issues in the hierarchy among the topics of the agenda. One of the important premises of realism (particularly neo-realism) is the anarchical structure of the international system. There is no central authority to govern the relations among states. In such an international environment, naturally providing security becomes the main concern of states. States have to deal with their own security problem that is called as the rule of “self help”

Yanıt Açıklaması: The difference between the amount of exchange and value created by workers is called "surplus value." The capitalist buys the worker’s labor force, as any other commodity. The capitalists’ control over this surplus value is the basis of their power and wealth over the workers (Marx, 2004: chs. 1, 24).

Yanıt Açıklaması: Nations cannot be judged by universal moral principles.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Kantian liberalism emphasizes the enlargement of the rights of individuals as a main point of concern.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Assumptions of both traditional and behavioural approaches are in particular factual and verified by empirical data as well as employing objective methods. So, they have positivist features. Assumptions of both of these approaches to a certain extent escape to be subjective and are free from artificial judgements. Whether they are notified either traditional or scientific, basic premises of these approaches are value free and are based on verification of factual hypotheses. For this reason, they differ from normative approaches. The correct option is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The spontaneous (natural) order is composed of informal tacit contracts such as customs or conventions. Free market is the most widely used spontaneous order in liberal studies, as a type of regularity in human affairs and a product of evolution of social practices. Thus, it is an outcome of human experience and collective result of trial and errors. The related assumptions are based on the “laissez faire” (non-intervention) understanding so that state acts as an arbiter in disputes between individuals and ensures the conditions under which individuals can enjoy their rights. In this connection, classical liberals accept that order is possible as a result of customs, traditions and societal institutions. Smith’s explanation of the free market and his famous example the invisible hand denotes such understanding. Free market then is all about the bartering and division of labor inherent to humans. The self interest of the humans have resulted in a system whereby other individuals could also find products and services for their consumption. The relationship between liberty, economic growth and progress were thought as the unintended consequences of the human action and evolved into the capitalist system.

Yanıt Açıklaması: In contrast to realism or conservatism, Wilsonian idealism depends on Kantian liberalism, and it emphasizes the enlargement of the rights of individuals as a main point of concern. Also, realism, philosophical roots of which depends on Machiavelli and Hobbes, depicted the international politics as a struggle for power and interest.

Yanıt Açıklaması: commanded

Yanıt Açıklaması: Among the theories of knowledge, empiricism as a way of reaching-knowledge, the basic assumption is that true knowledge can only be acquired through senses and observations. So, empiricists don’t accept a priori knowledge, instead knowledge can only be gained by experience and the consequences of empirical observations. In the beginning, when human was created, reason was empty like a tabula rasa or a blank sheet that nothing was written on. The correct is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Hobbesian approach, there is a situation of a war against all and threat of use of force. This is why state of nature means state of war and it is indispensable feature of the international system. For Hobbesian approach which is also called as Machiavellianism, conflicts among states are very natural. In conclusion, according to Hobbesian approach, moral principles cannot guide politics and politicians don’t regard moral principles for making their decisions. States, when engaged with others, aren’t concerned with the moral and ethical rules of the society.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Kenneth Waltz was a neo-realist.

Yanıt Açıklaması: According to Thomas Hobbes (2016), man is naturally egoist and in a world of limited resources, he is guided by an endless will to gain power and it is this will that shapes his relations with others.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Kenneth Waltz is considered precursor of neorealism.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Fourth and the last main realist assumption puts emphasis on hierarchy of issues according to which the ones related to national and international security are located at the top. “Military and related political issues dominate world politics.” (Viotti and Kauppi, 2012: 40). In that logic, military, strategic issues that concerns security of state are often referred to as “high politics” whereas socio-economic topics remains in the field of “low politics”. In that context, the hierarchy mentioned here schematize the realist vision of political issues regarding their importance and primacy over one another.