Research Methods

Yanıt Açıklaması: A literature review can be performed in seven steps: Identification of research questions. This step guides the review. Selecting the databases and sources. There are numerous bibliographic or article databases, websites, and other resources that can be utilized. Specifying the key terms. Key terms are the words that are used to search and get the related documents. Applying practical screening criteria. Literature reviewer can set the criteria to include or exclude the documents from the review among the numerous articles. Applying methodological screening criteria. Methodological criteria incorporate criteria for assessing scientific quality. Doing the review. To ensure the reliability and validity of the literature review, a standardized form should be used for abstracting data from papers. Besides, reviewers should be trained for abstracting the data and pilot testing of the process should be reported. Synthesizing the results. Literature review results may be synthesized expressively. An uncommon sort of synthesis-a meta- analysis involves the utilization of statistical results of two or more research.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Ethnography researcher enters in the natural environment where the group lives and participates in daily routines together with the members of that culture during a time labeled as fieldwork. Sharing the same culture with the members, researchers conduct studies where they interact with others for a considerable amount of time with minimum intervention in order to develop noticeable study models. In this way, the researcher observes the cultural components in their real settings. The correct answer is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: The given information is related to accuracy. If the accuracy of the web source is uncertain, it should not be preferred.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Common problems and mistakes in conducting a literature review include uncertain purpose, vague introduction and poor organization, not enough information, failing to connect to take-home message, be critical, exceptions and counterexamples, tell the reader where to go, and matters of style. Some other common literature review mistakes are as follows: Discussing the studies consecutively without making a connection with each other Neglecting to state similar findings of the past research Including the articles that are almost irrelevant to the research questions.

Yanıt Açıklaması: A literature review is considered to be a research methodology in its own right when it is carried out systematically. In other words, if a literature review: Is commenced with a well-defined research question, Follows a systematic approach to answering that question, Clearly documents the steps that are taken to write up, Presents the results and discussion section, it can be taken as a research methodology as well.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Scientific research is the process of systematic and planned data collection, data analysis, assessment and interpretation, and reporting in order to figure out reliable and valid solutions to problems by limiting them (Erkuş, 2011). According to another definition, it is a process to gather and analyze information so as to gain insight about a topic or issue (Creswell, 2012). Based on these definitions, it is possible to deduce that a scientific research process involves 1) problem identification, 2) data collection, 3) data analysis, 4) interpretation, and 5) report writing.

Yanıt Açıklaması: What a researcher aspires to explore in narrative inquiry are the participants’ experiences. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Assessment based case studies refer to informing relevant people or institutions about value judgements after researchers closely examine the aforementioned political formations, systems, projects, or other case studies.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Dependent variable is the one whose change is observed in comparison to other variables, and it is generally symbolized with the letter “Y” (Erkuş, 2011). Pretend that our research problem focuses on the influence that international organizations have over the level of globalization. In this case, the level of globalization is the dependent variable since its change is examined in comparison to other variables. Independent variable, on the other hand, is the one that has some kind of effect over the dependent variable, and it is mostly symbolized with the letter “X”.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Dualism is an intermediate position, defended by Descartes, according to which both material and immaterial worlds exist.

Yanıt Açıklaması: For narrative research design, classification is utilized in general: thematic analysis, structural analysis, interactive analysis, and performative analysis. According to this classification, in thematic analysis, a researcher gathers many narrations and concludes findings by grouping the data conceptually via an inductive approach. As for structural analysis, what matters more than narration is the form of narration, and it is a suitable approach to provide details in case studies and to compare more than one narration. Interactive analysis focuses on the dialogue between the narrator and listener. The focal point of a performative analysis is not the words spoken, but gestures, mimes, and moves accompanying narration, and the effort to convince listeners. The correct answer is A.

Yanıt Açıklaması: As a qualitative data collection tool, interview enables the researcher to gather data that observation and questionnaire techniques cannot unravel and to examine the participants’ feelings, opinions, perceptions, and attitudes.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Dualism: is a position between materialism and immaterialism, argues for two substances of existence, matter and ideas/mind (a dualistic position). The correct answer is E.

Yanıt Açıklaması: An anomaly is defined by Kuhn as a deviation of the “paradigm-induced expectations that govern normal science” (Kuhn, 1962, pp. 52-53). Option A is Theory, B is paradigm shift, D is Falsification,  E is Hypothesis

Yanıt Açıklaması: A literature review can be performed in seven steps: 1. Identification of research questions. 2. Selecting the databases and sources. 3. Specifying the key terms. 4. Applying practical screening criteria. 5. Applying methodological screening criteria. 6. Doing the review. 7. Synthesizing the results.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Survey serves to determine general tendency, attitude, or opinions of a population quantitatively or in numerical values by working on a sample chosen from that population.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Case studies are sometimes known as process tracing and case reports in IR, and they employ quantitative data collections, too. Therefore, the correct answe is D.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Roselle and Spray (2011, 5) suggest some sources that may be useful to search for your research topic: • Textbooks • Scholarly literature Literature Literature can be defined as published study such as articles, books, dissertations, research reports, etc. • Some scholarly articles that contain listings of particular groups of cases (e.g., war, conflict, crises, particular negotiations, etc.). • Some scholarly websites which contain the databases you can explore • Websites of respected international organizations such as International Monetary Fund, International Labor Organization; intergovernmental organizations such as United Nations and the World Trade Organization. • Websites of governmental and nongovernmental organizations. • Websites of government agencies such as Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Presidency of the Republic of Turkey. • Reference books such as almanacs and books that contain helpful listings of the related field.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Idealism argues that there is no material, or no physical external world that is the basis of our reality. Thus, our reality does not correspond to a reality existing independent of our minds.

Yanıt Açıklaması: Hypothesis: Predictions or educated guesses about a certain phenomenon that are derived from a theory. The correct answer is D.